Electromagnetic structure having a core element that extends magnetic coupling around opposing surfaces of a circular magnetic structure

ABSTRACT

An electromagnetic structure comprises a rotor assembly having at least one circular magnetic structure. The structure has opposing first and second surfaces that extend around a peripheral boundary region. A plurality of emission regions are disposed along said peripheral boundary region, with each emission region presenting poles having opposite polarities of a first polarity and a second polarity on the opposing first and second surfaces of the circular magnetic structure. Adjacent emission regions have alternating pole orientations such that each emission source having the first polarity is between two emission sources having the second polarity and each emission source having the second polarity is between two emission sources having the first polarity. A rotational element rotates the at least one circular magnetic structure about a rotation axis that is perpendicular to the opposing first and second surfaces.

CLAIMING BENEFIT OF PRIOR FILED U.S. APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/455,820 filed Oct. 27, 2010, Provisional Application No. 61/455,337 filed Oct. 19, 2010, and Provisional Application No. 61/400,995 filed Sep. 17, 2010, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a system and method for power generation. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for power generation using multi-pole magnetic structures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A key principle of operation of an alternating-current (AC) motor is that a permanent magnet will rotate so as to maintain its alignment within an external rotating magnetic field. This effect is the basis for the early AC motors including the “Electro Magnetic Motor” for which Nikola Tesla received U.S. Pat. No. 381,968 on May 1, 1888. On Jan. 19, 1938, Marius Lavet received French Patent 823,395 for the stepper motor which he first used in quartz watches. Stepper motors divide a motor's full rotation into a discrete number of steps. By controlling the times during which electromagnets around the motor are activated and deactivated, a motor's position can be controlled precisely. Methods for generating power using magnetic structures are known. Also known are magnetizable material that can be magnetized to have a pattern of magnetic poles, referred to herein as maxels. It has been discovered that various field emission properties can be put in use in a wide range of applications.

SUMMARY

Briefly, according to the invention, an electromagnetic structure comprises a rotor assembly having at least one circular magnetic structure. The structure has opposing first and second surfaces that extend around a peripheral boundary region. A plurality of emission regions are disposed along said peripheral boundary region, with each emission region presenting poles having opposite polarities of a first polarity and a second polarity on the opposing first and second surfaces of the circular magnetic structure. Adjacent emission regions have alternating pole orientations such that each emission source having the first polarity is between two emission sources having the second polarity and each emission source having the second polarity is between two emission sources having the first polarity. A rotational element rotates the at least one circular magnetic structure about a rotation axis that is perpendicular to the opposing first and second surfaces. At least one stator assembly comprises at least one core element and at least one coil winding wound around the at least one core element. The core element extends from the first surface around to the second surface to magnetically couple the poles of opposite polarities of each respective one of the plurality of emission regions when said rotor is rotated about said rotation axis.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.

FIG. 1 depicts a round magnetizable material having been programmed about its outer perimeter with alternating polarity maxels;

FIG. 2 depicts the round magnetizable material of FIG. 1 relative to field coils;

FIG. 3 depicts use of a common core element extending from a solenoid coil over a first magnetic source to an adjacent opposite pole magnetic source;

FIG. 4A-4C depict top, oblique, and side views of an exemplary ring magnet programmed with an alternating polarity pattern of 24 poles in a circle;

FIG. 4D depicts a rotor assembly including a circular magnetic structure and a rotational element;

FIG. 5A depicts field coils around straight core elements that are attached to a circular common core element that is on one side of the ring magnet of FIGS. 4A-4C;

FIG. 5B depicts field coils around straight core elements that are attached to two circular common core elements that are on both sides of the ring magnet of FIGS. 4A-4C;

FIG. 6A depicts field coils around beveled core elements that are attached to a circular common core element that are on one side of the ring magnet of FIGS. 4A-4C;

FIG. 6B depicts field coils around beveled core elements that are attached to two circular common core elements that are on both sides of the ring magnet of FIGS. 4A-4C;

FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary stator assembly intended to straddle the side of the magnetic structure such that it produces a magnetic circuit between the North and South poles of the magnetic sources as the magnet and/or stator assembly is moved relative to the other;

FIG. 8A depict top and side views of the stator assembly of FIG. 7 as positioned to straddle the magnetic structure;

FIGS. 9A-9C depicts alternative shapes for the core element portions of stator assemblies used to straddle a magnetic structure as well as alternative locations for coils associated with the core element portions of the stator assemblies;

FIG. 10A depicts a non-conductive non-magnetic stator assembly alignment template that is used to position multiple stator assemblies around the perimeter of a ring magnetic structure;

FIG. 10B depicts a stator assembly placed within two alignment templates and thereby positioned to straddle a magnetic structure;

FIG. 11A depicts side views of two magnetic structures like those of FIGS. 4A-4C having exemplary stator assemblies arranged in an inphase and quadrature relationship;

FIG. 11B depicts side views of three magnetic structures like those of FIGS. 4A-4C having exemplary stator assemblies arranged in an three phase power arrangement;

FIG. 12A depicts an alternative stator assembly intended for use with a cylindrically shaped magnetic structure and having coils at each end of the stator assembly;

FIG. 12B depicts a cylindrically shaped magnetic structure having striped alternating polarity poles and having a stator structure having coils at each end where the core elements of the stator structure are parallel to the cylinder and sized to closely match the pole sizes;

FIG. 12C depicts an alternative stator assembly intended for use with a cylindrically shaped magnetic structure and having portions of the core elements that extend upward from the cylinder;

FIG. 13A depicts an exemplary axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnet having a first polarity orientation;

FIG. 13B depicts another exemplary axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnet having a second polarity orientation that is opposite the first polarity orientation depicted in FIG. 13A;

FIG. 13C depicts a magnet stack of three axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnets having been glued to maintain an alternating polarity-orientation pattern such that the polarity at each of the two ends of the middle magnet is the same as the polarity of the abutting ends of the two outer magnets;

FIG. 13D depicts a magnet stack of three axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnets having holes through their centers and held together with a rod to maintain an alternating polarity-orientation pattern such that the polarity at each of the two ends of the middle magnet is the same as the polarity of the abutting ends of the two outer magnets;

FIG. 14A depicts an exemplary moveable magnet assembly including a tube and a magnet stack of three axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnets arranged to have an alternating polarity-orientation pattern, where the magnet stack can move within the tube;

FIG. 14B depicts the exemplary moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 14A with the addition of two fixed magnets at each end of the tube with each fixed magnet having a polarity-orientation such that they will repel the nearest magnet in the magnet stack;

FIG. 14C depicts the exemplary moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 14A with the addition of two springs at each end with each spring providing a spring force against the nearest magnet in the magnet stack;

FIG. 15A depicts an exemplary power generation system including a magnet stack of seven axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern and a coil assembly and spacers configured on the outside of a tube within which the magnet stack can be inserted and moved back and forth within the tube;

FIG. 15B depicts the exemplary power generation system of FIG. 15A where the magnet stack of seven axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern is shown to be inside the tube and able to move back and forth within the tube;

FIG. 16A depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to a monocycle produced by dropping one axially-magnetized magnet down a tube having one coil;

FIG. 16B depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to two overlapping monocycles produced by dropping a magnet stack of two axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having one coil;

FIG. 16C depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to three overlapping monocycles produced by dropping a magnet stack of three axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having one coil;

FIG. 16D depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to two overlapping monocycles produced by dropping one axially-magnetized magnet down a tube having two coils;

FIG. 16E depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to three overlapping monocycles produced by dropping a magnet stack of two axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having two coils;

FIG. 16F depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to four overlapping monocycles produced by dropping a magnet stack of three axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having two coils;

FIG. 16G depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to ten overlapping monocycles produced by dropping one axially-magnetized magnet down a tube having one coil;

FIG. 16H depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to ten overlapping monocycles by dropping a magnet stack of three axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having ten coils;

FIG. 16I depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to ten overlapping monocycles by dropping a magnet stack of four axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having ten coils;

FIG. 17 depicts an exemplary power generation system including a magnet stack of seven axially-magnetized magnets arranged in a Barker 7 coded polarity-orientation pattern and a coil assembly and spacers configured on the outside of a tube within which the magnet stack can be inserted and moved back and forth within the tube;

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to a magnet stack of seven axially-magnetized magnets arranged in a Barker 7 coded polarity-orientation pattern passing entirely through a seven coils wired in accordance with a complementary Barker 7 code;

FIG. 19A depicts an exemplary ferromagnetic shield;

FIG. 19B depicts an exemplary ferromagnetic flux circuit;

FIG. 19C depicts another exemplary ferromagnetic flux circuit;

FIG. 19D depicts an oblique projection of the ferromagnetic flux circuit of FIG. 19C about to receive a magnet;

FIG. 19E depicts use of exemplary flux circuits of FIG. 19B between the magnets of the magnetic stack of FIG. 15A;

FIG. 19F depicts an exemplary generator having the flux circuits of FIG. 19E, ferromagnetic spacers, and a ferromagnetic shield of FIG. 19A;

FIG. 19G depicts the generator of FIG. 19A with the magnet stack moved to a first position;

FIG. 19H depict the generator of FIG. 19B with the magnet stack moved to second position;

FIG. 19G depicts the generator of FIG. 19A with the magnet stack moved to a third position;

FIG. 19J depicts a cross section of a portion of the magnetic flux circuit of the generator of FIG. 19F;

FIG. 19K depicts a vector field indicating the direction and magnitude of magnetic flux when the ferromagnetic flux circuits between magnets of a magnet stack align with the ferromagnetic spacers of the generator of FIG. 19F;

FIG. 19L depicts the vector field of FIG. 19K overlaying the magnetic flux circuit of FIG. 19J;

FIG. 20A depicts an exemplary ring-shaped moveable magnet assembly where a circular tube has a partial ring-shaped magnet where the partial ring-shaped magnet is completed with a heavy material that causes the magnet to remain in substantially the same vertical orientation while the outer tube turns relative to the magnet;

FIG. 20B depicts an exemplary ring-shaped moveable magnet assembly where a circular tube has a partial ring-shaped magnet where the ring is completed with a lighter material that would cause the magnet to remain in substantially the same orientation while the outer tube turns relative to the magnet;

FIG. 20B depicts an exemplary ring-shaped moveable magnet assembly where a circular tube has a partial ring-shaped magnet where the partial ring-shaped magnet is completed with a lighter material that causes the magnet to remain in substantially the same vertical orientation while the outer tube turns relative to the magnet;

FIG. 20C depicts an exemplary ring-shaped moveable magnet assembly where a circular tube has a partial ring-shaped magnet where the magnet will remain in substantially the same orientation while the outer tube turns relative to the magnet;

FIG. 21A depicts an exemplary power generation system including ten coils separated using eleven spacers, where the coils and spacers are configured around the tube of the moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 21B depicts an exemplary power generation system including twenty coils separated using twenty spacers, where the coils and spacers are configured around the tube of the moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 20A;

FIG. 21C depicts an exemplary power generation system including twenty coils separated using twenty spacers, where the coils and spacers are configured around the tube of the moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 20A and where the spacers are extended inward towards an inner axle such that they also function as spokes;

FIG. 21D depicts an exemplary power generation system like the system of FIG. 21C, where the spacers are extended outward towards such that they also function as fins;

FIG. 21E depicts a cross-section of part of the exemplary power generation system of FIG. 21D where the fin portion of the spacer can be seen to extend outward from the moveable magnet assembly; and

FIG. 22 depicts an exemplary pendulum type moveable magnet assembly including an arch-shaped tube and an arch-shaped magnet structure;

FIG. 23 depicts an exemplary power generation system whereby spacers and coils (only one coil shown for clarity) are configured around the arch-shaped tube of the moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 22;

FIGS. 24A-24B depicts an exemplary IQ power generation system in accordance with the invention;

FIGS. 25A-25B depicts another exemplary IQ power generation system in accordance with the invention; and

FIGS. 26A and 26B provide a voltage vs. position plot and a control vector rotational plot.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described more fully in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention should not, however, be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, they are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

The present invention magnetic structures and magnetization techniques related to those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/358,423, filed Jan. 23, 2009, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/322,561, filed Feb. 4, 2009, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/476,952, filed Jun. 2, 2009. It also includes disclosure described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/283,780, titled “A System and Method for Producing Multi-level Magnetic Fields”, filed Dec. 9, 2009 and described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/399,448, titled “A System and Method for Producing Multi-level Magnetic Fields”, filed Jul. 12, 2010, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/400,995, titled “A System and Method for Power Generation”, filed Sep. 17, 2010. These six patent applications are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

An electromagnetic structure according to the present invention includes a rotor assembly and a stator assembly. FIG. 1 shows the top view of the rotor assembly, which includes a circular magnetic structure and a rotational element. The circular magnetic structure has opposing first and second surfaces that extend around a peripheral boundary region. The first surface may be the top surface of the circular magnetic structure, the second surface may be the bottom surface of the circular magnetic structure, and the peripheral boundary region may be the region of the circular magnetic structure on the outer portions of the circular magnetic structure.

The circular magnetic structure includes a plurality of emission regions disposed along the peripheral boundary region. Emission regions may be regions of the circular magnetic structure that correspond to poles or maxels. In FIG. 1, multiple emission regions are shown as multiple poles, or maxels, having been programmed around the peripheral boundary of the circular magnetizable material. Maxels of one polarity are shown in white and maxels of the opposite polarity are shown in black. On the opposite side of the material, the maxels have the opposite polarity than shown in FIG. 1. Emission regions may present poles having opposite polarities of a first polarity and a second polarity. The first and second polarities may be North and South polarities, shown as positive and negative symbols. The poles of opposite polarities may be on the opposing first and second surfaces of the circular magnetic structure so that an emission region with a North polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure has a South polarity on the bottom surface of the circular magnetic structure.

The emission regions are arranged so that adjacent emission regions have alternating pole orientations such that each emission source having the first polarity is between two emission sources having the second polarity. For example, an emission region with a North polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure may be between two emission regions having a South polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure. The emission regions may further be arranged to that each emission source having the second polarity is between two emission sources having the first polarity. For example, an emission region with a South polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure may be between two emission regions having a North polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure.

The electromagnetic structure of the present invention also includes a stator assembly. FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a stator assembly where a programmed magnet in conjunction with two separate core elements having coil windings on either side of the programmed magnet. FIG. 3 shows yet another stator assembly for the electromagnetic structure of the invention, which includes one core element that extends electromagnetic coupling from the first surface around to the second surface of the circular magnetic structure of FIG. 1, as further described below in connection with FIGS. 7 and 8A-B. Herein, the term core element refers to the ferromagnetic (or laminated ferromagnetic) material used to complete a circuit between two magnetic sources (or poles) having opposite polarity. It is desirable that the core element material used in accordance with the invention have a high relative permeability (e.g., μ_(R)=150-800) allowing the core elements of side-by-side stator assemblies to have a very narrow air gap between them where the magnetic flux doesn't substantially bridge the air gap. Under the core element arrangement of FIG. 3, electromagnetic coupling startles the poles of opposite polarities of each respective one of the plurality of emission regions when the rotor is rotated about a rotation axis that is perpendicular to the opposing surfaces of the circular magnetic structure. The stator assembly further includes a coil winding wound around the at least one core element. For example, the coil winding may be wound so that a portion of the core element runs parallel to the axis upon which the coil winding is wound. The core element of the stator of FIG. 3 is made of ferromagnetic material or laminated ferromagnetic material (e.g., iron, iron alloy, ferrite, powdered iron, magnetic ceramic, etc.).

One aspect of the present invention involves efficient methods for generating power using a multi-pole magnetic structures such as magnetizable material magnetized to have an pattern of magnetic poles, referred to herein as maxels. The pattern may be an alternating pattern or a non-alternating pattern, where the maxels may be arranged in a circle, an arc, or in a row. By moving the magnetic structure relative to one or more coils (or vice versa) power is efficiently generated.

FIGS. 1-3 depicts an electrical generator apparatus that generates electricity based on the movement of at least one field coil to at least one multi-pole magnetic structure (or programmed magnet) printed into a magnetized material. As such, whenever a field coil is moved relative to the magnetizable material and maxels, electricity is generated when the coil moves from a positive polarity maxel to a negative polarity maxel or vice versa. As shown in FIG. 2, multiple coils can be used on either side of the programmed magnet where the programmed magnet can be moved or the coils can be moved or some combination thereof.

One embodiment is a monopole field coil where one pole of a solenoid is in proximity to the alternating magnetic polarities provided by one side of the programmed magnetizable material. Yet another embodiment is a second solenoid in proximity to the alternating magnetic polarities provided by a second side of the programmed magnetizable material.

Although the magnetizable material is shown to be round, different shapes of magnetizable material and corresponding patterns of maxels can be employed as appropriate to accommodate different types of movement to include circular movement, partial circular movement, linear movement, or any definable or random movement relative to maxels of a printed (or programmed) magnet.

Movement used to generate electricity using an electrical generation apparatus in accordance with the invention could be via a hand (e.g., a crank), wind, waves, or any other movement where there is differential motion.

The pattern of maxels used in such electrical generation devices can be alternating polarities or coded. The coded version would be useful to match a load that is periodic or aperiodic.

As further described later, an inphase and quadrature (IQ) power generation device can be produced in accordance with the invention that involve movement of field coils relative to a plurality of magnetic field sources (maxels or conventional magnets) where the one or more pairs of field coils are each 90 degrees out of phase with respect to the spacing of the magnetic sources.

Generator devices in accordance with the invention can be designed to work with slow moving objects, for example, a wind mill, without requiring the gears currently being used to achieve adequate power generation.

The discussion that follows is presented using the basic concept of turning a magnetic structure relative to one or more fixed stator assemblies each comprising one or more coils that are wrapped around one or more core elements. Alternatively the invention could be practiced by turning the stator assemblies relative to a fixed magnetic structure or some combination of both that stator assemblies and the magnetic structure being able to move.

Herein, the term core element refers to the ferromagnetic (or laminated ferromagnetic) material used to complete a circuit between two magnetic sources (or poles) having opposite polarity. It is desirable that the core element material used in accordance with the invention have a high relative permeability (e.g., μ_(R)=150-800) allowing the core elements of side-by-side stator assemblies to have a very narrow air gap between them where the magnetic flux doesn't substantially bridge the air gap.

As described above, the electromagnetic structure of the present invention includes a rotor assembly and a stator assembly. The rotor assembly includes a circular magnetic structure and a rotational element. The circular magnetic structure may have opposing first and second surfaces that extend around a peripheral boundary region. The first surface may be the top surface of the circular magnetic structure and the second surface may be the bottom surface of the circular magnetic structure. The circular magnetic structure includes a plurality of emission regions disposed along the peripheral boundary region. Emission regions may be regions of the circular magnetic structure that correspond to poles or maxels. Emission regions may present poles having opposite polarities of a first polarity and a second polarity. The first and second polarities may be North and South polarities, shown as positive and negative symbols, respectively, in FIGS. 4A-4C. The poles of opposite polarities may be on the opposing first and second surfaces of the circular magnetic structure so that an emission region with a North polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure has a South polarity on the bottom surface of the circular magnetic structure.

The emission regions may further be arranged so that adjacent emission regions have alternating pole orientations such that each emission source having the first polarity is between two emission sources having the second polarity. For example, an emission region with a North polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure may be between two emission regions having a South polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure. The emission regions may further be arranged to that each emission source having the second polarity is between two emission sources having the first polarity. For example, an emission region with a South polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure may be between two emission regions having a North polarity on the top surface of the circular magnetic structure.

In an embodiment, he circular magnetic structure may be a circular ring structure having a hollow inner portion relative to the peripheral boundary. For example, the peripheral boundary may be the outer portion of a circular ring structure. FIGS. 4A-4C depict top, oblique, and side views of an exemplary ring magnet programmed with an alternating polarity pattern of 24 poles in a circle. In a preferred embodiment, the pattern would include an even number of alternating poles that could be multiplied by an integer to achieve 60 Hz, for example 30 poles. Meeting these criteria makes it easy to understand the relationship between pole transitions per rotation when it is desirable to achieve 60 Hz power but otherwise meeting these criteria is not a requirement to practice the invention. The poles are shown being wedge shaped so as to optimize use of the material but could have many different shapes such as radial stripes, concentric circles of maxels, or any other desired shape.

FIG. 4D depicts a rotor assembly including a circular magnetic structure and a rotational element for rotating the circular magnetic structure about a rotation axis that is perpendicular to the opposing first and second surfaces of the circular magnetic structure. The rotational element may be a non-conductive non-magnetic structure, for example, a structure made of polycarbonate. The rotational element may be a cylinder with a diameter matching the diameter of a center hole of the circular magnetic structure. In another embodiment, the rotation element may be a shaft with a diameter less than the diameter of a center hole of the circular magnetic structure where the circular magnetic structure is coupled to the shaft by spokes.

FIG. 5A depicts field coils around straight core elements that are attached to a circular common core element that are on one side of the ring magnet of FIGS. 4A-4C. Alternatively, the circular common core element could be subdivided to provide magnetic circuits between pairs of core elements such as previously described in relation to FIG. 3. Moreover, many different combinations are possible for producing magnetic circuits using one or more common core elements, which need not be circular.

FIG. 5B depicts field coils around straight core elements that are attached to two circular common core elements that are on both sides of the ring magnet of FIGS. 4A-4C. Generally, applying coils to both sides of the magnetic structure doubles the output of the generator and also makes it is easy to balance the power output. Moreover, although not shown in FIG. 5B, the top and bottom stator assemblies could be oriented to produce an inphase and quadrature relationship as previously described by employing two assemblies aligned with a 90° phase shift between them.

FIG. 6A depicts field coils around beveled core elements that are attached to a circular common core element that is on one side of the ring magnet of FIGS. 4A-4C. Because the configuration of having core elements perpendicular to the magnetic structure requires the core elements to be smaller in size where the coil is wound so that the coils will not be in contact, maximum flux output isn't achieved if the core elements are straight (i.e., cylindrical or rod like). However, as shown in FIG. 6A, the core elements can have a portion nearest the magnetic structure that is beveled or otherwise flares out to more closely match the shape of the magnetic sources (or poles). Many different shapes and sizes of a core element could be configured to vary the flux produced as the magnetic structure is turned relative to the stator assembly.

FIG. 6B depicts field coils around beveled core elements that are attached to two circular common core elements that are on both sides of the ring magnet of FIGS. 4A-4C. The comments provided in relation to FIG. 5B above also apply to the configuration shown in FIG. 6B.

As stated above, the stator assembly of the electromagnetic structure may include at least one core element that extends from the first surface around to the second surface of a circular magnetic structure to magnetically couple the poles of opposite polarities of each respective one of the plurality of emission regions when the rotor is rotated about the rotation axis. The stator assembly may further include at least one coil winding wound around the at least one core element according to the direction of a current through the at least one coil. For example, the coil winding may be wound so that a portion of the core element runs parallel to the axis upon which the coil winding is wound.

FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary stator assembly intended to straddle the side of the magnetic structure such that it produces a magnetic circuit between the North and South poles of the magnetic sources as the magnet is rotated relative to the stator assembly. The core element include core element portions and common core element portion. As shown a coil is shown being wound about a common core element portion of the stator assembly that is between two core element portions of the assembly. Alternatively or additionally one or more coils could be wound around the core element portions at some location that is beyond the radius of the magnetic structure.

FIG. 8A depict top and side views of the stator assembly of FIG. 7 as positioned to straddle the magnetic structure. It should be noted that the length of the two core element portions was arbitrarily selected to provide spacing between the coil and the magnetic structure. It should be also noted that it is desirable that the spacing between the core elements and the magnetic structure be minimal to maximize magnetic flux. Under one arrangement, the coil portion of the stator assembly would be covered or otherwise sealed such that ferromagnetic fluid could be placed into the air gap between the two core element portions and the magnetic structure.

FIG. 9A-9C depicts alternative shapes for the core element portions of stator assemblies used to straddle a magnetic structure as well as alternative locations for coils associated with the core element portions of the stator assemblies. FIG. 9A depicts a stator assembly where the core elements have a portion that approaches the magnetic structure from both sides at 90 degree angle. This approach allows more core element material to be used and more coils to be used.

In an embodiment, the core element may include a coil element portion of a first dimension for winding a coil. The first dimension may be the width of the coil element portion. The coil element portion may be the portions of the core element upon which the coil is wound. The coil element portion may be the portion as shown in FIG. 9A that does not approach the magnetic structure from the sides. The core element may further include an interface portion, of a second dimension, positioned closer to the circular magnetic structure than the coil element portion. The second dimension may be the width of the interface portion, which may be greater than the first dimension. For example, the interface portion of the core element may be a portion shown in FIG. 9A which approaches the magnetic structure.

FIG. 9B depicts a portion of the core element being shaped so as to more closely match the shape of the magnetic sources. In a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the circular magnetic structure, the interface portion has a cross sectional shape dimensioned to correspond to the shape of an emission region. For example, the interface portion in FIG. 9B is shaped like a wedge similarly to the wedge shaped emission regions of the circular magnetic structure in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 9C depicts varying the thickness of the core elements in such a way as to account for difference in flux produce at different radial distances from the center axis of the magnetic structure. As such, the coil and core element could be designed to maximize flux output while minimizing core element material and wire used in the generator.

FIG. 10A depicts a non-conductive non-magnetic stator assembly alignment template that is used to position multiple stator assemblies around the perimeter of a ring magnetic structure. The template may align at least one stator assembly with a circular magnetic structure. Stator assemblies such as shown in FIG. 7 can be individually placed into the alignment templates as part of the assembly process, whereby additional power generation can be achieved by adding additional stator assemblies.

FIG. 10B depicts a stator assembly placed within two alignment templates and thereby positioned to straddle a magnetic structure.

In an embodiment, the stator assembly may include a first stator assembly and a second stator assembly where the first stator assembly is positioned relative to the second stator assembly such that when the first stator assembly is substantially aligned with a first emission source having a first polarity on the first surface, the second stator assembly is substantially aligned with a second emission source having a second state on the first surface. For example, the alignment template shown in FIG. 10A may be used to ensure the first stator assembly and second stator assembly are relatively positioned accordingly.

In an embodiment, the stator assembly may include a first stator assembly and a second stator assembly where the first stator assembly has a first coil winding and the second stator assembly has a second winding such that corresponding currents through the first coil winding and the second coil winding have the same direction. For example, the first coil winding and second coil winding may be both wound clockwise or both wound counterclockwise.

In an embodiment, the stator assembly may include a first stator assembly and a second stator assembly, the first stator assembly having a first coil winding and the second stator assembly having a second coil winding. The first stator assembly may be positioned relative to the second stator assembly such that corresponding currents through the first coil winding and the second coil winding have an in phase and quadrature phase relationship. For example, the first stator assembly and second stator assembly may be positioned so that when the first stator assembly is substantially aligned with a first emission source having a first polarity on the first surface, the second stator assembly is substantially aligned 90° out of phase with a second emission source on the first surface. In an embodiment, the in phase and quadrature phase relationship may be due to quadrature phase shift relationship in the stator assemblies or quadrature phase shift relationship in the poles.

In an embodiment, a plurality of circular magnetic structures may be parallel to each other perpendicular to a rotation axis.

FIG. 11A depicts side views of two magnetic structures like those of FIGS. 4A-4C having exemplary stator assemblies arranged in an inphase and quadrature relationship. Either one of the two stator assemblies could have a quadrature phase shift relative to the other while poles of the two magnetic structures could remain aligned. Or, the poles of the two magnetic structures could have a quadrature phase shift relationship and the stator assemblies could remain aligned. Various other combinations are possible for achieving an inphase and quadrature relationship between the two magnetic structure/stator assemblies so as generate constant power as described previously.

FIG. 11B depicts side views of three magnetic structures like those of FIGS. 4A-4C having exemplary stator assemblies arranged in a three phase power arrangement. Similar to what was described in relation to FIG. 11A, various methods could be used to achieve a 120 degree relationship between the three different magnetic structure/stator assemblies in order to achieve 3 phase power output.

FIG. 11C shows a stator assembly where a single core element portion is placed between two magnetic structures. As shown, one fourth of the power output would be produced by the left coil and three fourths of the power output would be produced by the right coil. Generally, all sorts of unbalanced core element portion arrangements are possible for accommodating variable power requirements.

FIG. 12A depicts an alternative stator assembly intended for use with a cylindrically shaped magnetic structure and having coils at each end of the stator assembly. The stator assembly has two long core element portions sized to be substantially the same size as the poles (i.e., the stripes magnetic sources) of a cylindrical magnetic structure and having smaller portions that enable common core elements between them to accommodate coils.

FIG. 12B depicts a cylindrically shaped magnetic structure having striped alternating polarity poles and having a stator assembly having coils at each end where the core elements of the stator structure are parallel to the cylinder and sized to closely match the pole sizes. As shown, the stator assembly has coils at both end but could have a coil at only one end. Moreover, the core elements are not required to extend the full length of the cylinder as shown.

FIG. 12C depicts an alternative stator assembly intended for use with a cylindrically shaped magnetic structure and having portions of the core elements that extend perpendicular to the cylinder much like the stator assembly of FIG. 3. Generally, many different variations of stator assemblies are possible for use with a cylindrical magnetic structure as described herein.

FIG. 13A depicts an exemplary axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnet 1302 having a first polarity orientation. The magnet 1302 has a length L.

FIG. 13B depicts another exemplary axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnet 1304 having a second polarity orientation that is opposite the first polarity orientation depicted in FIG. 13A. The magnet 1304 also has a length L.

FIG. 13C depicts a magnet stack 1306 of three axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnets having been glued (or otherwise attached) to maintain an alternating polarity-orientation pattern such that the polarity at each of the two ends of the middle magnet 1304 is the same as the polarity of the abutting ends of the two outer magnets 1302.

FIG. 13D depicts a magnet stack 1308 of three axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnets having holes through their centers and held together with a rod 1310 to maintain an alternating polarity-orientation pattern such that the polarity at each of the two ends of the middle magnet 1304 is the same as the polarity of the abutting ends of the two outer magnets 1302.

FIG. 14A depicts an exemplary moveable magnet assembly 1400 including a tube 1402 and a magnet stack 1306 of three axially magnetized cylinder-shaped permanent magnets arranged to have an alternating polarity-orientation pattern, where the magnet stack 1306 can move within the tube 1402.

FIG. 14B depicts the exemplary moveable magnet assembly 1400 of FIG. 14A with the addition of two fixed magnets 1304 at each end of the tube 1402 with each fixed magnet 1304 having a polarity-orientation such that they will repel the nearest magnet 1302 in the magnet stack 1306. Under one arrangement, the fixed magnet is moveable (e.g., on a screw) so that the repel force can be tuned.

FIG. 14C depicts the exemplary moveable magnet assembly 1400 of FIG. 14A with the addition of two springs 1406 at each end with each spring 1406 providing a spring force against the nearest magnet 1302 in the magnet stack 1306.

FIG. 15A depicts an exemplary power generation system 1500 including a magnet stack 1502 of seven axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern and a movable magnet assembly 1504 having a coil assembly 1508 a-1508 g and spacers 1506 configured on the outside of a tube 1402 within which the magnet stack 1502 can be inserted and moved back and forth within the tube 1402. The coils 1508 a are configured such that the direction of current alternates with each successive coil to correspond to the alternating polarity-orientation pattern of the magnet stack 1502. This configuration can be achieved by wrapping (or coiling) wire in the same direction for each separate coil 1508 a-1508 g and then connecting the coils in an alternating manner such as depicted in FIGS. 15A and 15B. Alternatively, the direction of coiling the wire could alternate for each successive coil 1508 a-1508 g. With this alternative approach, one continuous wire could be used to produce the coil assembly, which could pass through notches included in the spacers.

FIG. 15B depicts the exemplary power generation system 1500 of FIG. 15A where the magnet stack 1502 of seven axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern is shown to be inside the tube 1402 and able to move back and forth within the tube 1402.

FIG. 16A depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to a monocycle produced by dropping one axially-magnetized magnet down a tube having one coil.

FIG. 16B depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to two overlapping monocycles produced by dropping a magnet stack of two axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having one coil.

FIG. 16C depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to three overlapping monocycles produced by dropping a magnet stack of three axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having one coil.

FIG. 16D depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to two overlapping monocycles produced by dropping one axially-magnetized magnet down a tube having two coils.

FIG. 16E depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to three overlapping monocycles produced by dropping a magnet stack of two axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having two coils.

FIG. 16F depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to four overlapping monocycles produced by dropping a magnet stack of three axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having two coils.

FIG. 16G depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to ten overlapping monocycles produced by dropping one axially-magnetized magnet down a tube having one coil.

FIG. 16H depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to ten overlapping monocycles by dropping a magnet stack of three axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having ten coils.

FIG. 16I depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to ten overlapping monocycles by dropping a magnet stack of four axially-magnetized magnets arranged in an alternating polarity-orientation pattern down a tube having ten coils.

FIG. 17 depicts a Barker 7 code 1702 and an exemplary power generation system 1700 including a magnet stack 1704 of seven axially-magnetized magnets arranged in a Barker 7 coded polarity-orientation pattern and a moveable magnet assembly 1504 including a coil assembly 1508 a-1508 g and spacers 1506 configured on the outside of a tube 1402 within which the magnet stack 1704 can be inserted and moved back and forth within the tube 1402. Similar to the coil assembly 1508 a-1508 g of FIGS. 15A and 15B, the coil assembly of FIG. 17 can be achieved by wrapping (or coiling) wire in the same direction for each coil 1508 a-1508 g and then connecting the coils in accordance with the Barker 7 code or the direction of coiling the wire could vary in accordance with the Barker 7 code.

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary RF signal corresponding to a magnet stack of seven axially-magnetized magnets arranged in a Barker 7 coded polarity-orientation pattern passing entirely through a seven coils wired in accordance with a complementary Barker 7 code.

FIG. 19A depicts an exemplary ferromagnetic shield 1902 that can be placed on the outside of a generator of the invention to keep magnetic flux within the generator.

FIG. 19B depicts an exemplary ferromagnetic flux circuit 1904 placed between individual magnets of the magnet structure 1704.

FIG. 19C depicts another exemplary ferromagnetic flux circuit 1906 whereby what appear to be end caps are placed on each end of adjoining magnets of the magnet structure 1704.

FIG. 19D depicts an oblique projection of the ferromagnetic flux circuit 1906 of FIG. 19C about to receive a magnet 1032.

FIG. 19E depicts use of exemplary flux circuits 1904 of FIG. 19B between the magnets of the magnetic stack 1502 of FIG. 15A.

FIG. 19F depicts an exemplary generator 1910 having the flux circuits 1904 of FIG. 19E, ferromagnetic spacers 1506, and a ferromagnetic shield 1902 of FIG. 19A, which function together as a magnetic flux circuit. As depicted in FIG. 19F, the generator 1910 includes magnet stack 1502 within a movable magnet assembly 1908 that is much like the movable magnet assembly 1504 of FIG. 15A except the coils 1508 a-1508 g are resized and spacers 1506 are spaced wider apart about the tube 1402 to accommodate the thickness of the flux circuits 1904 of FIG. 19E. The magnet stack 1502 is shown at a position where the flux circuits 1904 of the magnet stack 1502 are not in alignment with the ferromagnetic spacers 1506 of the moveable magnet assembly 1908.

FIG. 19G depicts the generator of FIG. 19A with the magnet stack 1502 moved to a first position, where the six flux circuits 1904 of the magnet stack 1502 align with the leftmost six of the eight ferromagnetic spacers 1506.

FIG. 19H depict the generator of FIG. 19B with the magnet stack moved to second position, where the six flux circuits 1904 of the magnet stack 1502 align with the middle six of the eight ferromagnetic spacers 1506.

FIG. 19G depicts the generator of FIG. 19A with the magnet stack moved to a third position, where the six flux circuits 1904 of the magnet stack 1502 align with the rightmost six of the eight ferromagnetic spacers 1506.

FIG. 19J depicts a cross section of a portion of the magnetic flux circuit of the generator of FIG. 19F. Referring to FIG. 19J, the portion of the magnetic flux circuit consists of the magnetic shield 1902 surrounding the coil assembly and tube 1402, the ferromagnetic spacers 1506 surrounding the tube 1402, and the flux circuits 1904 between the magnets of the magnet stack. When the flux circuits 1904 between the magnets align with the ferromagnetic spacers 1904 a completed magnetic flux circuit is produced.

FIG. 19K depicts a vector field indicating the direction and magnitude of magnetic flux when the flux circuits 1904 between magnets of a magnet stack align with the ferromagnetic spacers 1506 of the generator 1910 of FIG. 19F.

FIG. 19L depicts the vector field of FIG. 19K overlaying the magnetic flux circuit of FIG. 19J.

FIG. 20A depicts an exemplary ring-shaped moveable magnet assembly 2000 where a circular tube 2002 has a partial ring-shaped magnet 2004 where the partial ring-shaped magnet 2004 is completed with a heavy material 2006 that causes the magnet 2004 to remain in substantially the same vertical orientation while the outer tube 2002 turns relative to the magnet 2004.

FIG. 20B depicts an exemplary ring-shaped moveable magnet assembly 2000 where a circular tube 2002 has a partial ring-shaped magnet 2004 where the partial ring-shaped magnet 2004 is completed with a lighter material 2008 that causes the magnet 2004 to remain in substantially the same vertical orientation while the outer tube 2002 turns relative to the magnet 2004.

FIG. 20C depicts an exemplary ring-shaped moveable magnet assembly 2000 where a circular tube has a partial ring-shaped magnet 2004 where the magnet 2004 will remain in substantially the same orientation while the outer tube turns relative to the magnet. As such, as space between two ends of the magnet 2004 would provide stability to the magnet when in a vertical orientation.

FIG. 21A depicts an exemplary power generation system 2100 including ten coils 15080 separated using eleven spacers 1506, where the coils 1508 and spacers 1506 are configured around the tube 2002 of the moveable magnet assembly 2000 of FIG. 20A.

FIG. 21B depicts an exemplary power generation system 3200 including twenty coils 5008 separated using twenty spacers 1506, where the coils and spacers are configured around the tube of the moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 20A.

FIG. 21C depicts an exemplary power generation system including twenty coils separated using twenty spacers, where the coils and spacers are configured around the tube of the moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 20A and where the spacers 1506 are extended inward towards an inner axle 2102 such that they also function as spokes 2104.

FIG. 21D depicts an exemplary power generation system 2100 like the system of FIG. 21C, where the spacers are extended outward towards such that they also function as fins 2106.

FIG. 21E depicts a cross-section of part of the exemplary power generation system 2100 of FIG. 21D where the fin 2106 of the spacer can be seen to extend outward from the moveable magnet assembly 2000.

FIG. 22 depicts an exemplary pendulum type moveable magnet assembly 2200 including an arch-shaped tube 2204 and an arch-shaped magnet structure 2206 where the moveable magnet assembly 2200 extends from a pivot point 2202 by an armature 2208.

FIG. 23 depicts an exemplary power generation system 2300 whereby spacers 1506 and coils 1508 (only one coil shown for clarity) are configured around the arch-shaped tube of the moveable magnet assembly of FIG. 22.

FIGS. 24A-24B depicts an exemplary IQ power generation system 2400 in accordance with the invention. Referring to FIGS. 24A and 24B, inphase and quadrature power generation system 2400 includes a magnetic structure 2402 consisting of a first group of three magnets 1302 1304 1302, a spacer 2404, and a second group of three magnets 1304 1302 1304. The width of the spacer 2404 is one quarter the length of the magnets such that the first group of magnets is 90° out of phase with the second group of magnets. The system 2400 also includes a moveable magnet assembly including a tube 1402 and six coils 1508 a-1508 f having wiring corresponding to the polarity orientations of the six magnets making up the magnetic structure 2402. As such, as the magnetic structure 2402 moves back and forth inside the tube 1402 constant power is generated.

FIGS. 25A-25B depicts another exemplary IQ power generation system 2500 in accordance with the invention, which operates the same as the system 2400 of FIGS. 24A-24B except the spacer is between the coils making up the moveable magnet assembly instead of the magnets making up the magnetic structure. Referring to FIGS. 25A and 25B, inphase and quadrature power generation system 2500 includes a magnetic structure 2502 consisting of a six magnets 1302 1304 1302 1304 1302 1304. The system 2500 also includes a moveable magnet assembly including a tube 1402 and six coils 1508 a-1508 f having wiring corresponding to the polarity orientations of the six magnets making up the magnetic structure 2502, where the first three coils are separated from the second three coils by two additional spacers 2506 having a total width of one quarter the length of a magnet (1302 or 1304). As such, as the magnetic structure 2502 moves back and forth inside the tube 1402 constant power is generated.

Different spacings between the magnets making up the magnetic structure and/or between the coils can be employed to produce IQ generation system, three phase power, or other power characteristics.

Various power storage and transfer techniques can be used in accordance with the invention and that many different types of electrical connectors, and the like can be used to meet specific application requirements.

Various well known methods can be used to capture and store energy generated by the generators of the current invention. However, such methods are not generally efficient. As such, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention more efficient methods for capturing and storing energy are employed. Under one arrangement,

Because simple diode capture of energy from a generator is inefficient from both an energy standpoint (i.e., energy in vs. stored energy) and from an energy density standpoint (i.e., amount of energy generated per unit volume), and because the generators of the present invention may typically involve low quality energy sources, the present invention lends itself to the use of techniques that increase efficiency of energy capture and energy consumption.

In order to achieve maximum efficiency of the energy capture and consumption processes, techniques can be employed that involve switching from voltage to current and back to voltage. More specifically, the generator of the invention can be modeled as a Thevenin Theorem equivalent circuit comprising a voltage source connected in series with a resistance where the Thevenin Theorem equivalent circuit is a combination of the contributions of such things as the wire resistance of the wire used, flux leakage of the magnetic circuit, losses in the core material (if used), etc. The resistance of this circuit can be determined by measuring the open circuit voltage and dividing that value by the short circuit current. In accordance with the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, by loading the Thevenin Theorem equivalent circuit with the determined resistance, maximum power transfer can be achieved which corresponds to one half of the generated power at maximum energy density. Higher energy efficiency by lowering the energy density by making a generator larger. As such, the determined resistance (or load) can be considered the upper end of a tradeoff bracket corresponding to a maximum energy density and 50% energy efficiency. By lowering the load (i.e., increasing its resistance or consuming less power) energy efficiency greater than 50% can be achieved at the expense of energy density. Similarly, less energy density enables increased resonance characteristics. As such, engineering trades can be made.

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, real time engineering trades are made to optimize both energy capture and energy use by a load. Specifically, a class D amplifier is connected to a load through an inductor capable of storing the energy of a full cycle of the class D amplifier switch. A memory is used to store a deterministic curve characterizing duty cycle values versus load states and generator frequency. Alternatively, a polynomial or other comparable algorithm can be used to calculate the load state based on generator parameters. A processor can use the stored or calculated duty cycle values to control the duty cycle of the class D amplifier based on measured generator parameters. As such, the optimal generator operating efficiency can be maintained regardless of the rate at which the generator is operated or the state of an attached load. In a similar manner, a class D amplifier can be used to control the rate at which energy is efficiently supplied to a given load. As such, a single processor, class D amplifier, and memory can be used to control efficient energy generation and consumption or two circuits (i.e., two class D amplifiers) can be employed. Several variations of memories, processors, class D amplifiers and the like can be employed to achieve efficient energy generation and/or consumption.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a similar class D circuit can be used to transfer energy from one storage unit to another. For example, small generators can store energy in small storage units (e.g., capacitors, batteries, flywheels, etc.) that is collected in a larger storage unit or energy stored in a large storage unit can be distributed to smaller storage units. Thus, in accordance with the invention, energy can be efficiently harvested, stored, and transferred thereby enabling concentration and de-concentration of energy as well as enabling mobility of energy.

In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, the resonance of a generator can be tuned to match the frequency characteristics of an energy source (e.g., the gait of a walking person) or a harmonic thereof.

These efficient energy generation, storage, and consumption methods can be applied to various other energy generation technologies such as solar, wind, thermal electric, galvanic, hydroelectric (including low potential hydroelectric such as a stream), and the like.

The generators disclosed herein can be used with any form of movement to include a person or animal walking (e.g., generator attached to a limb), a fluid flowing (e.g., water or wind), an object being struck (e.g., a soccer ball), an object being turned (e.g., a bicycle pedal mechanism, a hand crank), a shock absorber, and the like. Moreover, multiple generators may be used together relative to the same movement source. For example, multiple generators may be combined as part of a wind turbine or in a water turbine used in a dam.

Various types of anti-friction techniques can be employed between the tubes of the invention and the magnetic structures therein. Furthermore, the tubes and the magnet structures of the invention need not be round but could be any desired shape.

Under one arrangement, a generator of the present invention has a clock that determines an amount of time that a generator has not been moved and after a set amount of time the generator produces an alarm, such as an audible alarm, a RF pulse, optical flash, or the like.

The various generator designs described herein can alternatively be used to design corresponding electric motors. As described for the designs above, for power generation the magnetic structures are moved relative to the coil structures (or vice versa or some combination thereof). However, for motors current can be applied to the coil structures causing either the magnetic structure (or the coil structure to move or some combination thereof). Furthermore, the generator/motor designs also lend themselves for actuators. Inphase and quadrature designs enable substantially controllable actuators whereby movement and positioning can be precisely controlled.

FIGS. 26A and 26B provide a voltage vs. position plot 2600 and a control vector rotational plot 2620. The voltage vs. position plot 2600 depicts the voltage characteristics of two coil structures having an IQ spatial relationship relative to each other and a magnetic structure (e.g., a ring magnetic structure or magnet stack), where a first coil structure is offset spatially by one quarter of a cycle (or 90°) from a second coil structure, which corresponds to one quarter of a distance D that a magnetic structure would travel (i.e., rotationally or linearly) as voltages are applied to the two coil structures for a full rotation of a control vector 2622. As depicted in FIG. 26A, a first control signal 2602 having a first voltage V_(I) and a second control signal 2604 having a second control voltage V_(Q) are used to control the relative movement of magnetic structure within an IQ motor or an IQ actuator device. As such, a magnetic structure at a first position 0 will travel (rotationally or translationally) a distance D as the control vector 2622 rotates 360°. For a given control vector rotation Θ 2624, the first control signal 2602 applied to the first coil structure has a voltage of V_(peak) sin(Θ) and the second control signal 2604 applied to the second coil structure has a voltage of V_(peak) cos(Θ). Because the two control signals 2602 2604 have a phase relationship 2610 of 90°, as the two control signals 2602 2604 vary from a peak positive voltage V_(peak) to a peak negative voltage −V_(peak), the first control signal 2602 achieves its positive or negative peak voltages while the second control signal has zero crossings and vice versa. As a result of the IQ phase relationship of the control signals of the control system, a constant power P is required to cause movement of the magnetic structure of the motor or actuator over the distance D, where P=(V_(I) ²+V_(Q) ²)^(1/2). The rate at which the control vector 2622 rotates a full cycle can be described as the IQ driver frequency, which can be sped up or slowed down over time as required to speed up or slow down a motor or actuator in accordance with the invention.

In accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention, the first and second coil structures of an IQ generator, motor, or actuator are produced by interleaving the two coil structures. Under such an arrangement, spacers may be omitted between coils of the coil structures or may be inserted after the coils have been produced. For example, spacers comprising a comb-like structure could be used where by ferromagnetic teeth or other shape able the structure to penetrate between wires of the coils.

A motor in accordance with the invention may require starting coils, which one can be used to start the motor/r from a dead stop. IQ motors in accordance with the invention may not require starting coils because a desired frequency can be applied to the I/Q driver to producing rotating torque required to bring the motor up to speed.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an optional braking/clutch mechanism can be employed with an actuator, whereby the braking/clutch mechanism can be disengaged to allow movement of the magnetic structure of the actuator or engaged to hold a current position. Use of the optional braking/clutch mechanism enables a position of the magnet structure to be maintained without power being provided to the coil structures. A braking/clutch mechanism may be manual and may be magnetic.

In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, a feedback mechanism can be used to provide feedback sufficient to enable an actuator to use a servo motor response to overcome an opposing force. Feedback may be provided by, for example, a linear optical encoder, a linear variable differential transform, or potentiometer.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, various combinations of generators, motors, and/or actuators are possible. For example, a bicycle could have a generator in accordance with the invention configured with a front wheel enabling power to be generated while the wheel turns due to the bike being peddled or the wheel otherwise turning, for example, due to the bike traveling downhill. A motor in accordance with the invention could be configured with the rear wheel enabling power to be applied to the generator in order to turn the rear wheel. The generator and motor could be electrically connected, where there could be a power storage device, and the like. The generator could produce power whenever the front wheel is turning, where the power could be converted to DC and stored in a battery. The motor could draw power from the battery, where the power would be converted to AC, as required. As such, the generators, motors, and/or actuators of the present invention can be used to support efficient travel, efficient automation, and the like.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood, however, that the invention is not limited thereto, since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A electromagnetic structure, comprising: a rotor assembly comprising: a circular magnetic structure comprising a magnetizable material that is printable, wherein said circular magnetic structure has opposing first and second surfaces that extend around a peripheral boundary region, said peripheral boundary region having a plurality of printed emission sources, wherein each printed emission source on said magnetizable material presents poles having opposite polarities of a first polarity and a second polarity, wherein adjacent printed emission source have alternating pole orientations such that each printed emission source having said first polarity is between two printed emission sources having said second polarity and each printed emission source having said second polarity is between two printed emission sources having said first polarity; and a rotational element for rotating said circular magnetic structure about a rotation axis that is perpendicular to said opposing first and second surfaces; and at least one stator assembly comprising: at least one core element that extends from said first surface around to said second surface to magnetically couple said poles of opposite polarities of each respective printed emission source of said plurality of printed emission sources when said rotor is rotated about said rotation axis; and at least one coil winding wound around the at least one core element.
 2. The electromagnetic structure of claim 1, wherein said at least one stator assembly comprises a first stator assembly and a second stator assembly, wherein said first stator assembly is positioned relative to said second stator assembly such that when said first stator assembly is substantially aligned with a first emission source having a first state on said first surface, the second stator assembly is substantially aligned with a second printed emission source having a second state on said first surface.
 3. The electromagnetic structure of claim 1, wherein said at least one stator assembly comprises a first stator assembly and a second stator assembly, said first stator assembly having a first coil winding and second stator assembly having a second coil winding such that corresponding currents through the first coil winding and the second coil winding have the same direction.
 4. The electromagnetic structure of claim 1, wherein said at least one stator assembly comprises a first stator assembly and a second stator assembly, said first stator assembly having a first coil winding and said second stator assembly having a second coil winding, said first stator assembly being positioned relative to said second stator assembly such that corresponding currents through the first coil winding and the second coil winding have an in phase and quadrature phase relationship.
 5. The electromagnetic structure of claim 1, wherein the at least one core element comprises: a coil element portion of a first dimension for winding the at least one coil; and an interface portion of a second dimension positioned closer to the circular magnetic structure than the coil element portion, wherein the first dimension is different from said second dimension.
 6. The electromagnetic structure of claim 5, wherein the interface portion has a cross sectional shape in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis dimensioned to correspond to the shape of a printed emission source.
 7. The electromagnetic structure of claim 1 comprising a plurality of circular magnetic structures that are parallel to each other perpendicular to the rotation axis.
 8. The electromagnetic structure of claim 5, wherein the circular magnetic structure comprises a circular ring structure having a hollow inner portion relative to the peripheral boundary.
 9. The electromagnetic structure of claim 1, further comprising a non-magnetic stator assembly alignment template configured to align the at least stator assembly.
 10. The electromagnetic structure of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic structure comprises at least one of a power generator, a motor or an actuator. 